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Snowstorm Database


 (MI_Metadata)
    fileIdentifier:  gov.noaa.ncdc:C00464
    language:  eng; USA
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        organisationName:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
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                electronicMailAddress:  ncei.info@noaa.gov
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                linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
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    dateStamp:  2023-06-23
    metadataStandardName:  ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
    metadataStandardVersion:  ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
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    identificationInfo:  (MD_DataIdentification)
        citation:  (CI_Citation)
            title:  Snowstorm Database
            date:  (CI_Date)
                date:  2012-11-30
                dateType:  (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  NCEI DSI 3288_01
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  gov.noaa.ncdc:C00464
            citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                organisationName:  DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
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                organisationName:  DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCDC > National Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
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                        deliveryPoint:  151 Patton Avenue
                        deliveryPoint:  Veach-Baley Federal Building, Room 468
                        city:  Asheville
                        administrativeArea:  NC
                        postalCode:  28801-5001
                        country:  USA
                        electronicMailAddress:  ncei.orders@noaa.gov
                    hoursOfService:  8:00 - 6:00 Eastern
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        abstract:  The Snowstorm Database is a collection of over 500 snowstorms dating back to 1900 and updated operationally. Only storms having large areas of heavy snowfall (10-20 inches or greater) are included. The spatial extent includes the contiguous U.S. but the most storms are in the eastern two thirds of the U.S. This is the only comprehensive data set with starting and ending dates along with daily and total storm snowfall for large snowstorms from 1900 to the present. The data is archived in shapefile format, one shapefile per storm. Shapefiles are a non-proprietary spatial format widely used in Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Each shapefile contains daily and storm total snowfall for weather stations that were affected by the snowstorm. The snowfall data comes from the Global Historical Climatological Network - Daily (GHCN-D).
        purpose:  The original purpose of this data set was to provide input for the calculation of the Regional Snowfall Index (RSI) and the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS), which are snowfall impact scales produced operationally by NCDC. This data has also been used for analyzing trends of large snowstorms. The data can be used to make maps of historical snowstorms or for exploratory data analysis of historical storms. Archiving the data as shapefiles allows external users such as emergency managers, researchers, or anyone from snow sensitive entities to use the data directly in a GIS.
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                    deliveryPoint:  Veach-Baley Federal Building, Room 468
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                    postalCode:  28801-5001
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            fileName: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/images/C00465_RSI-image.jpg
            fileDescription:  RSI map based on Snowstorm Database
            fileType:  JPEG
        descriptiveKeywords:  (MD_Keywords)
            keyword:  Earth Science > Atmosphere > Precipitation > Solid Precipitation > Snow
            keyword:  Earth Science > Terrestrial Hydrosphere > Snow/Ice > Snow Depth
            keyword:  Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Natural Hazards > Meteorological Hazards
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                title:  Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords
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                    date:  2018
                    dateType:  (CI_DateTypeCode) revision
                edition:  Version 8.6
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                    organisationName:  Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
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                            description:  The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
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            keyword:  Precipitation
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                title:  Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Essential Climate Variables (ECVs)
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                    organisationName:  World Meteorological Organization, United Nations
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            keyword:  Continent > North America > United States Of America
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                title:  Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords
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                            description:  The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
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            keyword:  Vertical Location > Land Surface
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                            function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
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                            description:  The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
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            keyword:  Meteorological Stations
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            keyword:  T: Daily - < Weekly
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                            description:  The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
                            function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
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            keyword:  H: 10 km - < 50 km
            type:  (MD_KeywordTypeCode) dataResolution
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                title:  Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Horizontal Data Resolution Keywords
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                            description:  The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
                            function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
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            keyword:  DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCDC > National Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
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                            name:  Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
                            description:  The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
                            function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
                    role:  (CI_RoleCode) publisher
        descriptiveKeywords:  (MD_Keywords)
            keyword:  Snowfall
            keyword:  Snowstorms
            keyword:  Societal Impacts
            keyword:  GIS
            keyword:  Shapefiles
        resourceConstraints:  (MD_Constraints)
            useLimitation:  Shapefiles are processed and made available as soon as possible after a snowstorm event. The database does not update on a regular basis as snowstorms arrive irregularly.
        resourceConstraints:  (MD_LegalConstraints)
            useConstraints:  (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions
            otherConstraints:  Cite as: Squires, Mike(2012). Snowstorm Database [Indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. [Access date]
        resourceConstraints:  (MD_LegalConstraints)
            accessConstraints:  (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions
            otherConstraints:  Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives.
        resourceConstraints:  (MD_LegalConstraints)
            useConstraints:  (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions
            otherConstraints:  Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose.
        aggregationInfo:  (MD_AggregateInformation)
            aggregateDataSetName:  (CI_Citation)
                title:  Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale
                date:  (CI_Date)
                    date:  2011-01-01
                    dateType:  (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
                citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                    organisationName: (missing)
                    contactInfo:  (CI_Contact)
                        onlineResource:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                            linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/metadata/geoportal/rest/metadata/item/gov.noaa.ncdc:C00453/html
                            protocol:  HTTPS
                            applicationProfile:  Information
                            name:  Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale
                            description:  Product uses the Snowstorm Database for development--a precursor to the Regional Snowfall Index.
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                    role: (inapplicable)
            associationType:  (DS_AssociationTypeCode) crossReference
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            aggregateDataSetName:  (CI_Citation)
                title:  Regional Snowfall Impact Scale
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                    date:  2011-01-01
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                            linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/metadata/geoportal/rest/metadata/item/gov.noaa.ncdc:C00465/html
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                            name:  Regional Snowfall Impact Scale
                            description:  Product uses the Snowstorm Database for development. It is an evolution of the NESIS, see the landing page for more information about the RSI Index
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        spatialResolution: (missing)
        language:  eng; USA
        topicCategory:  (MD_TopicCategoryCode) climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
        environmentDescription:  Windows, ArcGIS
        extent:  (EX_Extent)
            description:
            geographicElement:  (EX_GeographicBoundingBox)
                extentTypeCode:  1
                westBoundLongitude:  -125.0
                eastBoundLongitude:  -66.0
                southBoundLatitude:  24.0
                northBoundLatitude:  50.0
            temporalElement:  (EX_TemporalExtent)
                extent:
                  TimePeriod:
                    description:  ground condition
                    beginPosition:  1900-01-01
                    endPosition:
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    distributionInfo:  (MD_Distribution)
        distributor:  (MD_Distributor)
            distributorContact:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                organisationName:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
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                        linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
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                        description:  Information for contacts at NCEI.
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                fees:  In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media.
                orderingInstructions:  Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions.
            distributorFormat:  (MD_Format)
                name:  Shapefile
                version: (missing)
                specification: http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf
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                name:  Shapefile
                version: (missing)
                specification: http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf
                fileDecompressionTechnique:
            distributorFormat:  (MD_Format)
                name:  TXT
                version: (missing)
            distributorTransferOptions:  (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
                onLine:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                    linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/metadata/geoportal/rest/metadata/item/gov.noaa.ncdc:C00464/html
                    protocol:  HTTPS
                    applicationProfile:  Landing Page
                    name:  NCEI Dataset Landing Page
                    description:  Landing page for the dataset.
                    function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
            distributorTransferOptions:  (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
                transferSize:
                  Real:  50
                onLine:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                    linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/snowstorm-database/
                    protocol:  HTTPS
                    applicationProfile:  Download
                    name:  NCEI Direct Download
                    description:  Direct download for dataset files.
                    function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
            distributorTransferOptions:  (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
                transferSize:
                  Real:  50
                onLine:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                    linkage: https://gis.ncdc.noaa.gov/maps/ncei/rsi
                    protocol:  HTTPS
                    applicationProfile:  Map Search Application
                    name:  NCEI GIS Map Portal
                    description:  GIS map application to visualize dataset layers.
                    function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) search
            distributorTransferOptions:  (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
                transferSize:
                  Real:  1
                onLine:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                    linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/snowstorm-database/archive/snowstorm-db_shapefile-readme_c20130529.txt
                    protocol:  HTTPS
                    applicationProfile:  Information
                    name:  Dataset README
                    description:  Please refer to the README file for more information about the dataset.
                    function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
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    dataQualityInfo:  (DQ_DataQuality)
        scope:  (DQ_Scope)
            level:  (MD_ScopeCode)
            extent:  #boundingExtent
        lineage:  (LI_Lineage)
            statement:  The Snowfall Database uses Global Historical Climatatology Network - Daily (GHCN-D), which has automated quality control built into its processing. Once the starting and ending dates of a snowstorm are identified, daily data from GHCN-D is extracted and brought into ArcGIS. At that point an analyst removes stations that are not part of the storm. Stations that were part of the storm are checked to ensure that only days with snowfall are included in the snowfall total. The data is then checked for any stations whose total snowfall is statistically different from it's neighbors using Local Moran's Index (see documentation). Stations flagged from this test are checked for spatial consistency. It is assumed that all data is correct unless there is enough evidence otherwise. The station may be kept or rejected, but not values are changed. The analyst then looks for any stations that appear spatially inconsistent with its neighbors. Some of the factors that can make a station or stations appear spatially in consistent are topography, lake effect snow, changes in temperature during the storm (wet vs. dry snow), and spatial variability.
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  For more information on the creation of this data, please view the documentation associated with the data.
                dateTime: (unknown)
                processor:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                    organisationName:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
                    role:  (CI_RoleCode) processor
                source:  #snowdb
            source:  (LI_Source)
                description:  Source dataset
                sourceCitation:  (CI_Citation)
                    title:  Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily), Version 2
                    date:  (CI_Date)
                        date: (unknown)
                        dateType:  (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
                    identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                        code:  gov.noaa.ncdc:C00838
                    citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                        organisationName:  DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCDC > National Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
                        role:  (CI_RoleCode) originator
                    citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                        organisationName: (missing)
                        contactInfo:  (CI_Contact)
                            onlineResource:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                                linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/metadata/geoportal/rest/metadata/item/gov.noaa.ncdc:C00838/html
                                protocol:  HTTPS
                                applicationProfile:  Web Browser
                                name:  Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily), Version 2
                                description:  Landing page for the Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily), Version 2, including links and other information.
                                function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
                        role: (inapplicable)
                sourceExtent:  (EX_Extent)
                    temporalElement:  (EX_TemporalExtent)
                        extent:
                          TimePeriod:
                            beginPosition:  1900-01-01
                            endPosition:
            source:  (LI_Source)
                description:  Source dataset
                sourceCitation:  (CI_Citation)
                    title:  Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily), Version 3
                    date:  (CI_Date)
                        date: (unknown)
                        dateType:  (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
                    identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                        code:  gov.noaa.ncdc:C00861
                    citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                        organisationName:  DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCDC > National Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
                        role:  (CI_RoleCode) originator
                    citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                        organisationName: (missing)
                        contactInfo:  (CI_Contact)
                            onlineResource:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                                linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/metadata/geoportal/rest/metadata/item/gov.noaa.ncdc:C00861/html
                                protocol:  HTTPS
                                applicationProfile:  Web Browser
                                name:  Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily), Version 3
                                description:  Landing page for the newest release of Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily), Version 3, including links and other information.
                                function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
                        role: (inapplicable)
                sourceExtent:  (EX_Extent)
                    temporalElement:  (EX_TemporalExtent)
                        extent:
                          TimePeriod:
                            beginPosition:  1900-01-01
                            endPosition:
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    dataQualityInfo:  (DQ_DataQuality)
        scope:  (DQ_Scope)
            level:  (MD_ScopeCode) repository
            levelDescription:  (MD_ScopeDescription)
                other:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
        lineage:  (LI_Lineage)
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2015-04-22T00:00:00
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    metadataMaintenance:  (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
        maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency:  (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) asNeeded
        maintenanceNote:  Bulk metadata change applied on 2023-06-23. See version control repository history for metadata change details.