Archival and Discovery of August 27, 1883 Tsunami Event on Marigrams
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fileIdentifier: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.hazards:18830827marigram
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organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information
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address: (CI_Address)
electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov
role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact
dateStamp: 2018-03-19
metadataStandardName: ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
metadataStandardVersion: ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
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geometricObjectType: (MD_GeometricObjectTypeCode) point
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citation: (CI_Citation)
title: Archival and Discovery of August 27, 1883 Tsunami Event on Marigrams
date: (CI_Date)
date: 2018-03-19
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) creation
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code:
Anchor: DOI doi:10.7289/V5C827KJ
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information
role: (CI_RoleCode) originator
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: DOC/NOAA/OAR/PMEL/NCTR > NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
role: (CI_RoleCode) originator
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information
role: (CI_RoleCode) publisher
abstract: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information have more than 3,000 tsunami marigram (tide gauge) records in both image and paper format. The majority of these tsunami marigram records were scanned to high-resolution digital tiff images during the NOAA Climate Data Modernization Program (CDMP). There still remain shelves full of deteriorating paper records that are in need of rescue reformatting to scanned images before they are lost. As a follow-up to a successful 2016 BEDI project resulting in the archival and discovery of data held on marigrams during four large tsunamis (1946, 1952, 1960, 1964), marigrams from five additional tsunami events in 1854, 1883, 1896, 1933, and 1968 have been digitized. These additional five tsunami events were generated in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans and are rarely cited in research due to lack of data access. The five tsunami events proposed here for reformat, archive, and discovery in 2017 reside only on these same paper marigram records. Each of these datasets are of great importance as very little digital data exists from tsunamis that occurred during this time period, particularly those prior to the turn of the 20th Century. These events are not only historically important but with new research into tsunami probabilities, are statistically important as well. Similar to seismic hazard analyses, the tsunami community is now focused on tsunami recurrence rates through probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis to support land-use and construction decision-making. As a result, measurements of these tsunamis are not only expected to provide researchers with important information linking earthquake rupture to tsunami generation and propagation characteristics, but will add a significant number of tsunami data points to recurrence rates calculations. All data reformatted as part of this project will be brought into compliance with NOAA Data Directives and meet the requirements for Data Management, Discoverability, Accessibility, Documentation, Readability, and Data Preservation and Stewardship as per the Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI). BEDI is designed to promote interoperability of Earth observation data across Federal agencies, systems and platforms through the improvement of data management practices and increased discoverability, accessibility, and usability of data collections.
purpose: To enable archive and discovery of segments of marigram records on which are recorded sea level measurements of the August 27, 1883 tsunami originating from a debris avalanche produced by an eruption of Augustine Volcano, Augustine Island, Alaska, USA.
status: (MD_ProgressCode) completed
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electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov
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fileName: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1142/18830827_honolulu_589x300px.png
fileDescription: Digitized marigram from Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii, 1883-08-27
fileType: png
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keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Tides
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Currents
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Heights
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Range
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Waves > Tsunamis
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Tidal Height
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Sea Surface Height
keyword: Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Natural Hazards > Tsunamis
keyword: Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Natural Hazards > Earthquakes
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keyword: Ocean > Pacific Ocean
keyword: Continent > North America > United States of America > Alaska
keyword: Continent > North America > United States of America > California
keyword: Continent > North America > United States of America > Hawaii
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function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
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keyword: Honolulu
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title: None
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keyword: Kodiak
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keyword: San Francisco Bay
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keyword: In Situ Land-Based Platforms > Ocean Platform/Ocean Stations > Coastal Stations
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name: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
description: The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
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keyword: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Gauges > Tide Gauges
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description: The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
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keyword: Climate Data Modernization Program (CDMP)
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linkage: https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords
name: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
description: The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
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useConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions
otherConstraints: Cite as: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information; NOAA Center for Tsunami Research (2018): Archival and Discovery of August 27, 1854 Tsunami Event on Marigrams. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5C827KJ [access date]
otherConstraints: Use Constraints: Public domain data from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), an agency of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize NCEI as the source of these data. You are not permitted to use NCEI's name or to suggest that NCEI endorses your project or product, without its express written consent. While efforts have been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the state of the art, NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages or misrepresentation caused by any inaccuracies in the data or as a result of changes to the data caused by system transfers. The user must be aware of data conditions and bear responsibility for the appropriate use of these data with respect to possible errors, original drawing scale, collection methodology, currency of data, and other conditions specific to these data. Distribution Liability: Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of these data, errors and conditions originating from physical sources used to develop these data may be reflected in the data supplied. The client must be aware of data conditions and bear responsibility for the appropriate use of the information with respect to possible errors, original drawing scale, collection methodology, currency of data, and other conditions specific to certain data. In no event shall NCEI be liable for any damages, whether general, special, incidental or consequential damages, arising out of your use of these data. Your sole remedy for damages is to stop using the data. You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless NCEI and its employees or affilitates against any claim, loss, liability or expense, including attorneys' fees, resulting from loss of or damage to property or the injury to or death of any person arising out of the use of the data.
aggregationInfo: (MD_AggregateInformation)
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title: NGDC/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database
date: (CI_Date)
date: 2017-06-01
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) lastUpdate
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organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml
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name: NGDC/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database
description: Access to historical tsunami source and effects information database on tsunami events from 2000 B.C. to the present in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas.
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title: Marigrams recording tsunamis generated by the August 27, 1883 eruption and debris avalanche
date: (CI_Date)
date: 2018-03-19
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
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title: Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI): Archival and Discovery of 1854, 1883, 1896, 1933, and 1968 Tsunami Events on Marigrams
date: (CI_Date)
date: 2018-03-19
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
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language: eng; USA
characterSet: (MD_CharacterSetCode) utf8
topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) oceans
extent: (EX_Extent)
description: Coastal Tide Gauge Network of the International Community
geographicElement: (EX_GeographicBoundingBox)
westBoundLongitude: -157.86444
eastBoundLongitude: -122.47833
southBoundLatitude: 21.30333
northBoundLatitude: 57.7833
temporalElement: (EX_TemporalExtent)
extent:
TimePeriod:
beginPosition: 1883-08-24T01:52:34Z
endPosition: 1883-09-01T23:57:54Z
duration: P8DT22H5M20S
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contentInfo: (MI_CoverageDescription)
attributeDescription:
RecordType: Instrument Details
contentType: (MD_CoverageContentTypeCode) physicalMeasurement
dimension: (MI_Band)
descriptor: Elevation of the sea surface level
rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription)
name: Scale
definition: Scale is the scale factor from the marigram graphic to the absolute measurement of the sea surface level. It is in the format 1:#.
rangeElement:
Record: 1:6
rangeElement:
Record: 1:9
rangeElement:
Record: 1:12
rangeElement:
Record: 1:24
rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription)
name: Station
definition: Station is the general-purpose identifier for the station. It can be up to 80 alphanumeric characters.
rangeElement:
Record: Values do not exist in a predefined set
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distributionInfo: (MD_Distribution)
distributionFormat: (MD_Format)
name: netCDF
version: 4
specification: Unidata's Network Common Data Form (netCDF)
distributionFormat: (MD_Format)
name: csv
version: (unknown)
specification: Comma Separated Values file (csv)
fileDecompressionTechnique: GZIP
distributionFormat: (MD_Format)
name: TIFF
version: (unknown)
specification: Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
fileDecompressionTechnique: ZIP
distributor: (MD_Distributor)
distributorContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information
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address: (CI_Address)
electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov
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fees: Free for online download
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/18830827_1142/digitized/hono_18830827.nc
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 27, 1883 marigram from Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
description: Data access to scanned marigram netCDF data.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/18830827_1142/digitized/kodi_18830827.nc
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 27, 1883 marigram from Kodiak, Alaska, USA
description: Data access to scanned marigram netCDF data.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/18830827_1142/digitized/saus_18830827.nc
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 27, 1883 marigram from San Francisco Bay (Sausalito), California, USA
description: Data access to scanned marigram netCDF data.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/18830827_1142/digitized/hono_18830827.csv.gz
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 27, 1883 marigram from Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
description: Data access to scanned marigram csv data.
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/18830827_1142/digitized/kodi_18830827.csv.gz
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 27, 1883 marigram from Kodiak, Alaska, USA
description: Data access to scanned marigram csv data.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/18830827_1142/digitized/saus_18830827.csv.gz
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 27, 1883 marigram from San Francisco Bay (Sausalito), California, USA
description: Data access to scanned marigram csv data.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1142/hono_18830827.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 27, 1883 marigram from Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1142/kodi_18830827.zip
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name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 27, 1883 marigram from Kodiak, Alaska, USA
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1142/saus_18830827.zip
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name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 27, 1883 marigram from San Francisco Bay (Sausalito), California, USA
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) series
lineage: (LI_Lineage)
statement: The August 27, 1883 marigrams were stored in boxes until scanned into digital data in 2017-18.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Marigram TIFF images were loaded into GraphClick and x,y axes were defined for 24 hour periods using the 4 known points option (coordinates at the bottom-left of the graph, bottom-right, top-left and top-right). This option was chosen over other available options to better represent images that may have had a tilted, wrinkled, warped or otherwise damaged paper record. Data points were individually added along the data curves by clicking on the center of the curved line with GraphClick recording x,y values each of those points. These x,y values were exported from GraphClick as a text file and transferred to Microsoft Excel 2016 for formatting of time, units and other general file formatting required for archival. CSV files were converted to netCDF with associated metadata. For records with curved vertical axes, one of the vertical graticules was digitized to create a table of corrections to the x axis as a function of height, and fit with a spline interpolation.
processor: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: DOC/NOAA > Center for Tsunami Research
role: (CI_RoleCode) processor
processingInformation: (LE_Processing)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code:
softwareReference: (CI_Citation)
title: GraphClick
date: (CI_Date)
date: (unknown)
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) creation
edition: GraphClick v.3.0.3 for Mac OS X 10.4
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: On any records that included periodical height/time information written on the marigram, such values were compared with the numerical values produced by GraphClick for consistency.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Values were compared against digital 1 hour data provided by the station operators where available.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Each station was checked as necessary for observance with Daylight Savings Time.
source: (LI_Source)
description: Each original marigram was a scroll of paper from which a segment of several days of time series data were scanned and stored as TIFFs, along with the Station, Scale (not always), Dates/Times of the segment (in UTC or local), and Latitude and Longitude of the Station.
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) series
report: (DQ_RelativeInternalPositionalAccuracy)
measureDescription: Values obtained by digitization were correlated to tsunami arrival times and hourly predicted tides (to obtain an expectation of tidal range) with those published in the NGDC/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database.
result: (unknown)
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metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) annually
maintenanceNote: Most recent maintenance was made 2018-03-19.