Archival and Discovery of March 28, 1964 Tsunami Event on Marigrams
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fileIdentifier: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.hazards:19640328marigram
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address: (CI_Address)
electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov
role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact
dateStamp: 2020-09-03
metadataStandardName: ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
metadataStandardVersion: ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
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title: Archival and Discovery of March 28, 1964 Tsunami Event on Marigrams
date: (CI_Date)
date: 2017-06-01
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code:
Anchor: DOI doi:10.7289/V5X0657Z
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organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information
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organisationName: DOC/NOAA/OAR/PMEL/NCTR > NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
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organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information
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abstract: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information have more than 3,000 tsunami marigram (tide gauge) records in both image and paper format. The majority of these tsunami marigram records were scanned to high-resolution digital tiff images during the NOAA Climate Data Modernization Program (CDMP). There still remain shelves full of deteriorating paper records that are in need of rescue reformatting to scanned images before they are lost. The 1946 tsunami is one of four 20th century tsunami events which are historically important but data during each reside only on the marigram records. The 1946 tsunami was the impetus for establishment of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center after impact to the Hawaiian Islands. The 1952, 1960, and 1964 tsunamis were each generated by three of the greatest of all recorded earthquakes. The 1960 tsunami, in particular, was generated by the largest earthquake ever recorded, a magnitude 9.5 off the central coast of Chile. Measurements of these tsunamis are expected to provide researchers with important information linking earthquake rupture to tsunami generation and propagation characteristics. All data reformatted as part of this project will be brought into compliance with NOAA Data Directives and meet the requirements for Data Management, Discoverability, Accessibility, Documentation, Readability, and Data Preservation and Stewardship as per the Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI). BEDI is designed to promote interoperability of Earth observation data across Federal agencies, systems and platforms through the improvement of data management practices and increased discoverability, accessibility, and usability of data collections.
purpose: To enable archive and discovery of segments of marigram records on which are recorded sea level measurements of the March 28, 1964 tsunami originating from a magnitude 9.2 earthquake at Prince William Sound, Alaska.
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fileName: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/19640328_arica_608x300px.png
fileDescription: Digitized marigram from Arica, Chile, 1964-03-28
fileType: png
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keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Tides
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Currents
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Heights
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Tides > Tidal Range
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Waves > Tsunamis
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Tidal Height
keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Sea Surface Height
keyword: Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Natural Hazards > Tsunamis
keyword: Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Natural Hazards > Earthquakes
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keyword: Continent > Asia > Eastern Asia > Japan
keyword: Ocean > Pacific Ocean
keyword: Continent > South America > Chile
keyword: Continent > North America > Canada > British Columbia
keyword: Continent > North America > United States of America > Alaska
keyword: Continent > Europe > Estern Europe > Russian Federation
keyword: Continent > Australia/New Zealand > New Zealand
keyword: Ocean > Pacific Ocean > North Pacific Ocean > Gulf of Alaska
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keyword: Prince Rupert
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keyword: Tasu
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keyword: Baranof Island
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keyword: Sitka
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keyword: Russia
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keyword: Sakhalin Island
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keyword: Poronaysk
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keyword: Bluff
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keyword: Sitka Sound
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keyword: Yakutat
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otherConstraints: Cite as: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information; NOAA Center for Tsunami Research (2018): Archival and Discovery of March 28, 1964 Tsunami Event on Marigrams. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5X0657Z [access date]
otherConstraints: Use Constraints: Public domain data from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), an agency of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize NCEI as the source of these data. You are not permitted to use NCEI's name or to suggest that NCEI endorses your project or product, without its express written consent. While efforts have been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the state of the art, NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages or misrepresentation caused by any inaccuracies in the data or as a result of changes to the data caused by system transfers. The user must be aware of data conditions and bear responsibility for the appropriate use of these data with respect to possible errors, original drawing scale, collection methodology, currency of data, and other conditions specific to these data. Distribution Liability: Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of these data, errors and conditions originating from physical sources used to develop these data may be reflected in the data supplied. The client must be aware of data conditions and bear responsibility for the appropriate use of the information with respect to possible errors, original drawing scale, collection methodology, currency of data, and other conditions specific to certain data. In no event shall NCEI be liable for any damages, whether general, special, incidental or consequential damages, arising out of your use of these data. Your sole remedy for damages is to stop using the data. You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless NCEI and its employees or affilitates against any claim, loss, liability or expense, including attorneys' fees, resulting from loss of or damage to property or the injury to or death of any person arising out of the use of the data.
aggregationInfo: (MD_AggregateInformation)
aggregateDataSetName: (CI_Citation)
title: The Tsunami of March 28, 1964, as Recorded at Tide Stations
alternateTitle: Coast and Geodetic Survey Technical Report
date: (CI_Date)
date: 1967-07-01
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
edition: 33
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: DOC/ESSA/CGS > Coast and Geodetic Survey
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title: Marigrams recording tsunamis generated by the March 28, 1964 earthquake
date: (CI_Date)
date: 2017-06-01
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
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associationType: (DS_AssociationTypeCode) crossReference
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title: Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI): Archival and Discovery of 1946, 1952, 1960, 1964 Tsunami Events on Marigrams
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date: 2017-06-01
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language: eng; USA
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topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) oceans
extent: (EX_Extent)
description: Coastal Tide Gauge Network of the International Community
geographicElement: (EX_GeographicBoundingBox)
westBoundLongitude: 168.344824
eastBoundLongitude: -139.733444
southBoundLatitude: -46.598233
northBoundLatitude: 59.5485
temporalElement: (EX_TemporalExtent)
extent:
TimePeriod:
beginPosition: 1964-03-22T20:38:53Z
endPosition: 1964-03-31T17:12:04Z
duration: P0Y0M8DT20H33M11S
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contentInfo: (MI_CoverageDescription)
attributeDescription:
RecordType: Instrument Details
contentType: (MD_CoverageContentTypeCode) physicalMeasurement
dimension: (MI_Band)
descriptor: Elevation of the sea surface level
rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription)
name: Scale
definition: Scale is the scale factor from the marigram graphic to the absolute measurement of the sea surface level. It is in the format 1:#.
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Record: 1:6
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rangeElement:
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definition: Station is the general-purpose identifier for the station. It can be up to 80 alphanumeric characters.
rangeElement:
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linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/19640328_1954/digitized/abur_19640328.nc
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name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Aburatsu, Kyushu, Japan
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name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Alert Bay, British Columbia
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name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Sitka, Alaska
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name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Yakutat, Yakutat Bay, Alaska
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protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Prince Rupert, British Columbia
description: Data access to scanned marigram csv data.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/19640328_1954/digitized/sitk_19640328.csv.gz
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Sitka, Alaska
description: Data access to scanned marigram csv data.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/19640328_1954/digitized/tabc_19640328.csv.gz
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Tasu, British Columbia
description: Data access to scanned marigram csv data.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/19640328_1954/digitized/yaku_19640328.csv.gz
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Yakutat, Yakutat Bay, Alaska
description: Data access to scanned marigram csv data.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/abur_19640328.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Aburatsu, Kyushu, Japan
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/aler_19640328.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Alert Bay, British Columbia
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/aric_19640328.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Arica, Chile
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/bbbc_19640328.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Bella Bella, British Columbia
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/bluf_19640328.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Bluff, New Zealand
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/poro_19640328.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Poronaysk, Sakhalin Island, Russia
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/prin_19640328.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Prince Rupert, British Columbia
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/sitk_19640328.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Sitka, Alaska
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/tabc_19640328.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Tasu, British Columbia
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1954/yaku_19640328.zip
protocol: https
name: NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 28, 1964 marigram from Yakutat, Yakutat Bay, Alaska
description: Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) series
lineage: (LI_Lineage)
statement: The March 28, 1964 marigrams were stored in boxes until scanned into digital data in 2016-17.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Each original marigram was a scroll of paper from which a segment of several days of time series data were scanned and stored as TIFFs, along with the Station, Scale (not always), Dates/Times of the segment (in UTC or local), and Latitude and Longitude of the Station. Marigram TIFF images were loaded into GraphClick and x,y axes were defined for 24 hour periods using the 4 known points option (coordinates at the bottom-left of the graph, bottom-right, top-left and top-right). This option was chosen over other available options to better represent images that may have had a tilted, wrinkled, warped or otherwise damaged paper record. Data points were individually added along the data curves by clicking on the center of the curved line with GraphClick recording x,y values each of those points. These x,y values were exported from GraphClick as a text file and transferred to Microsoft Excel 2016 for formatting of time, units and other general file formatting required for archival. CSV files were converted to netCDF with associated metadata. For records with curved vertical axes, one of the vertical graticules was digitized to create a table of corrections to the x axis as a function of height, and fit with a spline interpolation.
processor: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: DOC/NOAA > Center for Tsunami Research
role: (CI_RoleCode) processor
processingInformation: (LE_Processing)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code:
softwareReference: (CI_Citation)
title: GraphClick
date: (CI_Date)
date: (unknown)
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) creation
edition: GraphClick v.3.0.3 for Mac OS X 10.4
documentation: (CI_Citation)
title: The Tsunami of March 28, 1964, as Recorded at Tide Stations
alternateTitle: Coast and Geodetic Survey Technical Report
date: (CI_Date)
date: 1967-07-01
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
edition: 33
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: DOC/ESSA/CGS > Coast and Geodetic Survey
role: (CI_RoleCode) originator
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: On any records that included periodical height/time information written on the marigram, such values were compared with the numerical values produced by GraphClick for consistency.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Values were compared against digital 1 hour data provided by the station operators where available.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Each station was checked as necessary for observance with Daylight Savings Time.
source: (LI_Source)
description: Each original marigram was a scroll of paper from which a segment of several days of time series data were scanned and stored as TIFFs, along with the Station, Scale (not always), Dates/Times of the segment (in UTC or local), and Latitude and Longitude of the Station.
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) series
report: (DQ_RelativeInternalPositionalAccuracy)
measureDescription: Values obtained by digitization were compared and confirmed for consistency with those published in the ESSA Coast and Geodetic Survey Technical Report.
result: (unknown)
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metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) annually
maintenanceNote: Most recent maintenance was made 2018-03-19.