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2022-07-01T18:07:39Z
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Aerial sightings of bowhead whales and other marine mammals by the US Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service, 1979 - 2006, in the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas (NCEI Accession 0014906)
2007-04-24
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0014906
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Charles Monnett
US DOI; Minerals Management Service - Anchorage (MMS)
Charles.Monnett@MMS.Gov
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US DOI; Minerals Management Service - Anchorage (MMS)
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US DOI; Minerals Management Service - Anchorage (MMS)
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Monnett, Charles
US DOI; Minerals Management Service - Anchorage (MMS)
Charles.Monnett@MMS.Gov
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US DOI > Minerals Management Service - Anchorage
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The Minerals Management Service (MMS), previously Bureau of Land Management, has funded fall bowhead whale aerial surveys in this area each year since 1978, using a repeatable protocol from 1982 to the present. Bowhead monitoring by MMS Environmental Studies Section, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Region, normally overlaps the September-October "open-water" season when offshore drilling and geophysical exploration are feasible and when the fall subsistence hunt for bowhead whales takes place near Kaktovik, Nuiqsut, and Barrow, Alaska.
The primary survey aircraft was a de Havilland Twin Otter Series 300. The aircraft was equipped with three medium-size bubble windows that afforded complete viewing of the track-line. Geographic positions of the aircraft were logged onto a laptop computer from a Global Navigation System (1982-1991) or a Global Positioning System (1992-2000). Prior to 1992, many surveys in Block 12 (See Browse Graphic) were conducted from a Grumman Turbo Goose Model G21G.
All bowhead (and beluga) whales observed were recorded, along with incidental sightings of other marine mammals. Particular emphasis was placed on regional surveys to assess large-area shifts in the migration pathway of bowhead whales and on the coordination of effort and management of data necessary to support seasonal offshore-drilling and seismic-exploration regulations. The selection of survey blocks to be flown on a given day was nonrandom, based primarily on criteria such as observed and predicted weather conditions over the study area and offshore oil-industry activities. Otherwise, the project attempted to distribute effort fairly evenly east-to-west across the entire study area. Aerial coverage favored inshore survey blocks (See Browse Graphic), since bowheads were rarely sighted north of these blocks in previous surveys (1979-1986). Surveys were flown at a target altitude of 458 m in order to maximize visibility and to minimize potential disturbance to marine mammals. Flights were normally aborted when cloud ceilings were consistently less than 305 m or the wind force was consistently above Beaufort 4.
Daily flight patterns were based on sets of non-repeating transect grids computer-generated for each survey block. Transect grids were derived by dividing each survey block into sections 30 minutes of longitude across. One of the minute marks along the northern edge of each section was selected at random then connected by a straight line to a similarly selected endpoint along the southern edge of that same section. This procedure was followed for all sections of that survey block. These transect legs were then connected alternately at their northernmost or southernmost ends to produce one continuous flight grid within each survey block. Gridlines were occasionally lengthened to cover both an inshore block and the block north of it. Lines were occasionally truncated due to extended poor visibility or to avoid potential interference with subsistence whaling activities. For bowheads encountered "on transect", the aircraft sometimes circled for a brief (< 10 min) period to observe behavior, obtain better estimates of their numbers, and/or determine whether calves were present. Any new groups sighted when circling were recorded as "on search".
This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis.
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0014906
NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER
2007-04-13
publication
MARINE MAMMALS
theme
NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS
visual observation
instrument
NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS
aerial photography
visual observation
theme
NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS
AIRCRAFT
platform
NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS
US DOI; Minerals Management Service - Anchorage
dataCentre
NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS
US DOI; Minerals Management Service - Anchorage
dataCentre
NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS
BOWHEAD WHALE AERIAL SURVEY PROJECT (BWASP)
project
NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS
Arctic Ocean
Beaufort Sea
Bering Sea
Chukchi Sea
Gulf of Alaska
Northwestern Passages
place
NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS
oceanography
theme
WMO_CategoryCode
2012-09-15
publication
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NODC > National Oceanographic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
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Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords
2023
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Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Greenbelt
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Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2023. GCMD Keywords, Version 17. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords
information
custodian
Alaska
Balaena mysticetus
Eschrichtius robustus
bowhead whale
endangered whales
gray whale
marine mammals
wildlife
theme
BLM-State Keyword Thesaurus
EARTH SCIENCE > BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION > ANIMALS/VERTEBRATES > MARINE MAMMALS
theme
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords
2023
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17
Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
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Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2023. GCMD Keywords, Version 17. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords
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VISUAL OBSERVATIONS > VISUAL OBSERVATIONS
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Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords
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17
Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
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Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2023. GCMD Keywords, Version 17. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords
information
custodian
OCEAN > ARCTIC OCEAN
OCEAN > ARCTIC OCEAN > BEAUFORT SEA
OCEAN > ARCTIC OCEAN > CHUKCHI SEA
OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN > BERING SEA
OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN > GULF OF ALASKA
place
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords
2023
revision
17
Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Greenbelt
MD
https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
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GCMD Keyword Forum Page
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2023. GCMD Keywords, Version 17. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords
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accessLevel: Public
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Cite as: Monnett, Charles; US DOI > Minerals Management Service - Anchorage (2007). Aerial sightings of bowhead whales and other marine mammals by the US Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service, 1979 - 2006, in the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas (NCEI Accession 0014906). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0014906. Accessed [date].
Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives.
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Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose.
eng; USA
utf8
environment
oceans
imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
-174.01
-125.25
57.72
76.14
1979-04-01
2006-10-31
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NCEI Accession 0014906 v1.1 was published.
2007-04-24T13:15:42Z
NCEI Accession 0014906 v1.1
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https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0014906/1.1
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NCEI Accession 0014906 v1.1
published 2007-04-24T13:15:42Z
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NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.
2015-04-22T00:00:00
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Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness.
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
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visual observation
visual observation
not an instrument - maybe an observation type
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT