The effects of ocean acidification on hemocyte of crab species in Alaska from laboratory experiment studies from 2011-07-01 to 2013-07-06 (NCEI Accession 0123400)
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title: The effects of ocean acidification on hemocyte of crab species in Alaska from laboratory experiment studies from 2011-07-01 to 2013-07-06 (NCEI Accession 0123400)
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abstract: Flow cytometry provides a rapid and reproducible method for analyzing crustacean hemocytes and their functions under experimentally-varied environmental conditions. We used flow cytometry to determine if there was a difference in hematology and selected immune functions, and intracellular pH (pHi), under two different, future ocean acidification scenarios (pH = 7.51, 7.80) compared to current conditions (pH = 8.06) for Chionoecetes bairdi, the Tanner crab. Hemocytes were analyzed after adult Tanner crabs were held for two years under continuous exposure to acidified ocean water. Total counts of hemocytes did not vary among experimental control and treatments; however, there was a significantly greater number of dead, circulating hemocytes in crabs held at the lowest pH treatment. Phagocytosis of fluorescent microbeads by hemocytes was greatest at the lowest pH treatment. These results suggest that hemocytes were dying, likely by apoptosis, at a rate faster than upregulated phagocytosis was able to remove moribund cells from circulation at the lowest pH. There was no significant difference in pHi within hyalinocytes among pH levels, with apparent regulation to a mean pHi of 7.24, significantly lower than the external environment. In contrast, there was a significant difference between treatments in pHi of the semi-granular+granular cells. These findings suggest that future, predicted levels of ocean acidification may affect the defense cells of Tanner crabs, possibly making them more susceptible to other stressors in the environment.
purpose: To determine if hemocytes were effect during ocean acidification
credit: Funding Information: NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (Effects of ocean acidification on federally managed crab species in Alaska, OAPFY13.03.AFSC.001)
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otherConstraints: Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose.
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title: Meseck SL, Alix JH, Swiney KM, Long WC, Wikfors GH, Foy RJ (2016) Ocean Acidification Affects Hemocyte Physiology in the Tanner Crab (Chionoecetes bairdi). PLoS ONE 11(2): e0148477. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148477
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title: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system
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topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) environment
topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) oceans
topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) biota
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westBoundLongitude: -152.2917
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beginPosition: 2011-07-01
endPosition: 2013-07-06
supplementalInformation: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Foy, Robert; Long, Chris; and Swiney, Katherine. FUNDING AGENCY: NOAA's Ocean Acidification Program (OAP). PROJECT TITLE: Effects of ocean acidification on federally managed crab species in Alaska. PROJECT ID: OAPFY13.03.AFSC.001. In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number.
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electronicMailAddress: NCEI.Info@noaa.gov
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fees: In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media.
orderingInstructions: Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions.
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linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/123400
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linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/123400
protocol: HTTPS
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linkage: ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0072/0123400/
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description: These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP).
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
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description: NCEI Accession 0123400 v1.1 was published.
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DateTime: 2015-01-13T14:24:07Z
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name: NCEI Accession 0123400 v1.1
description: published 2015-01-13T14:24:07Z
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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description: NCEI Accession 0123400 was revised and v2.2 was published.
rationale: Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession.
dateTime:
DateTime: 2021-10-07T21:33:12Z
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protocol: HTTPS
name: NCEI Accession 0123400 v2.2
description: published 2021-10-07T21:33:12Z
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
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description: Parameter or Variable: Average pH that Tanner crab was held at for 602 days before their hemolymph was removed and anlayzed for immune response.; Abbreviation: Average pH; Controlled vocabulary name: None; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: calculated average; Analyzing instrument: a Durafet II or III pH probe; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: This is the average pH that each crab was exposed to for 602 days. The original pH, alkalinity, DIC values can be found in the data set by Lead PI Robert Foy entitled Effects of Ocean Acidification on Federally Managed Crab Species in Alaska; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Raw data with the probe SNARF-5F used to stain the Semi-granular+ granular cell and give FL2-H fluorenced that is used to calculate internal cell pH; Abbreviation: Raw data SNARF-5F SGC+GC FL2-H to calculate internal cell pH; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: A 2-ml 23-gauge, sterile needle was used to collect hemolymph from each crab.; Analyzing instrument: Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, United States) for 30 seconds at 66 ul min-1. Side-scatter, forward-scatter, and fluorescence intensities of individual cells were collected and analyzed using BD Accuri C6 Software (Becton-Dickinson, United States).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: The mean FL-2 H(580 nm) wavelenght was determined using the software for the semi-granular + ganular cells. The scale for the x and y axis was in the log. Detailed information about how the data is collected and analyzed can be found at the method referenced below.; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Raw data with the probe SNARF-5F used to stain the Semi-granular+ granular cell and give FL3-H fluorenced that is used to calculate internal cell pH; Abbreviation: Raw data SNARF-5F SNARF-5F SGC+GC FL3-H used to calculate internal pH; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: A 2-ml 23-gauge, sterile needle was used to collect hemolymph from each crab.; Analyzing instrument: Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, United States) for 30 seconds at 66 ul min-1. Side-scatter, forward-scatter, and fluorescence intensities of individual cells were collected and analyzed using BD Accuri C6 Software (Becton-Dickinson, United States).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: The mean FL-3 H(630 nm) wavelenght was determined using the software for the semi-granular + ganular cells. The scale for the x and y axis was in the log. Detailed information about how the data is collected and analyzed can be found at the method referenced below.; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Raw data with the probe SNARF-5F used to stain the halinocyte cell and give FL2-H fluorenced that is used to calculate internal cell pH; Abbreviation: Raw data SNARF-5F HC FL2-H to calculate internal cell pH; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: A 2-ml 23-gauge, sterile needle was used to collect hemolymph from each crab.; Analyzing instrument: Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, United States) for 30 seconds at 66 ul min-1. Side-scatter, forward-scatter, and fluorescence intensities of individual cells were collected and analyzed using BD Accuri C6 Software (Becton-Dickinson, United States).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: The mean FL-2 H(580 nm) wavelenght was determined using the software for the halinocytes cells. The scale for the x and y axis was in the log. Detailed information about how the data is collected and analyzed can be found at the method referenced below.; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Raw data with the probe SNARF-5F used to stain the halinocyte cell and give FL3-H fluorenced that is used to calculate internal cell pH; Abbreviation: Raw data SNARF-5F SNARF-5F HC FL3-H used to calculate internal pH; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: A 2-ml 23-gauge, sterile needle was used to collect hemolymph from each crab.; Analyzing instrument: Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, United States) for 30 seconds at 66 ul min-1. Side-scatter, forward-scatter, and fluorescence intensities of individual cells were collected and analyzed using BD Accuri C6 Software (Becton-Dickinson, United States).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: The mean FL-3 H(630 nm) wavelenght was determined using the software for the semi-granular + ganular cells. The scale for the x and y axis was in the log. Detailed information about how the data is collected and analyzed can be found at the method refer; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Calcualted semi-granular and granular cell internal pH; Abbreviation: Calculated SGC+GC pHi; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Analyzing instrument: The ratio of FL3/FL2 from a calibration curve was used to generate the internal pH of the cells. The calibration curve can be found in the reference below. Detailed information about how the data is collected and analyzed can be found at the method referenced below.; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Calcualted halinocyte cell internal pH; Abbreviation: Calculated HC pHi; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Analyzing instrument: The ratio of FL3/FL2 from a calibration curve was used to generate the internal pH of the cells. The calibration curve can be found in the reference below. Detailed information about how the data is collected and analyzed can be found at the method referenced below.; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: External hemolymph pH; Abbreviation: Hemolymph pHe; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: A 2-ml 23-gauge, sterile needle was used to collect hemolymph from each crab.; Analyzing instrument: Corning pH-30 electrode; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Total number of cells in the hemolymph that are semi-granular and granular hemocytes; Abbreviation: Total Cell SGC+GC; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: A 2-ml 23-gauge, sterile needle was used to collect hemolymph from each crab.; Analyzing instrument: Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, United States) for 30 seconds at 66 ul min-1. Side-scatter, forward-scatter, and fluorescence intensities of individual cells were collected and analyzed using BD Accuri C6 Software (Becton-Dickinson, United States).; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Total number of cells in the hemolymph that are halinocyte cells; Abbreviation: Total Cell HC; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: A 2-ml 23-gauge, sterile needle was used to collect hemolymph from each crab.; Analyzing instrument: Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, United States) for 30 seconds at 66 ul min-1. Side-scatter, forward-scatter, and fluorescence intensities of individual cells were collected and analyzed using BD Accuri C6 Software (Becton-Dickinson, United States).; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Total number of dead cells in the hemolymph that are semi-granular and granular hemocytes; Abbreviation: Dead Cell SGC+GC; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: A 2-ml 23-gauge, sterile needle was used to collect hemolymph from each crab.; Analyzing instrument: Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, United States) for 30 seconds at 66 ul min-1. Side-scatter, forward-scatter, and fluorescence intensities of individual cells were collected and analyzed using BD Accuri C6 Software (Becton-Dickinson, United States).; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Total number of dead halinocyte cells in the hemolymph; Abbreviation: Dead Cell HC; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: A 2-ml 23-gauge, sterile needle was used to collect hemolymph from each crab.; Analyzing instrument: Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, United States) for 30 seconds at 66 ul min-1. Side-scatter, forward-scatter, and fluorescence intensities of individual cells were collected and analyzed using BD Accuri C6 Software (Becton-Dickinson, United States).; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Percentage of dead cells for semi-granular and granular hemocytes in the hemolymph; Abbreviation: % Dead Cell SGC+GC; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Percentage of dead halinocyte cells in the hemolymph; Abbreviation: % Dead HC; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Percentage of cellsthat have Phagocytosis properties; Abbreviation: % Phagocytosis; Observation type: experiment studied; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: A 2-ml 23-gauge, sterile needle was used to collect hemolymph from each crab.; Analyzing instrument: Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, United States) for 30 seconds at 66 ul min-1. Side-scatter, forward-scatter, and fluorescence intensities of individual cells were collected and analyzed using BD Accuri C6 Software (Becton-Dickinson, United States).; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: All hemocytes that contained 3 beads or more are considered to be highly phagocytic; Method reference: Shannon L. Meseck, Jennifer H. Alix, Katherine M. Swiney, W. Christopher Long, Gary H. Wikfors, Robert J. Foy (submitted PLOS One, accepted unsure of publication date). Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes from the Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) subjected to acidified ocean water; Biological subject: Chionoecetes baird, Tanner Crab; Researcher name: Shannon Meseck; Researcher institution: Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration .
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) repository
levelDescription: (MD_ScopeDescription)
other: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
lineage: (LI_Lineage)
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description: NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.
dateTime:
DateTime: 2015-04-22T00:00:00
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metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) asNeeded
maintenanceNote: Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness.
maintenanceNote: NCEI Accession 0123400 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made.
contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian
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acquisitionInformation: (MI_AcquisitionInformation)
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identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: Flow Cytometer
type: Flow Cytometer
description: A method to enumerate bacterial and phytoplankton cells in seawater and estimate their spherical diameter Flow cytometers are laboratory based instruments used to measure cells and particles from aqueous samples. The instrument was initially developed for analysis of Human blood cells for medical purposes, but this technology was adopted by the ocean science community by several investigators, principally Penny Chischolm out of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in late 20th century. Since then, the technique has been broadly applied, and it is a unique measurement of microbial populations in the ocean because it provides one at a time measures of cells, to extrapolate features such as fluorescence and cell size. Flow cytometers have been adapted for a number of oceanographic applications such as ship board measurement, and more precise measurement of planktonic fractions. Additionally, the flow cytometer has been adapted for in-situ deployment (see the corresponding nodc instrument code).
