Effects of ocean acidification on shell condition and survival of Puget Sound pteropods from laboratory experiment studies from 2012-05-10 to 2012-07-12 (NCEI Accession 0125008)
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title: Effects of ocean acidification on shell condition and survival of Puget Sound pteropods from laboratory experiment studies from 2012-05-10 to 2012-07-12 (NCEI Accession 0125008)
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abstract: This dataset contains laboratory experiment data that were collected to examine the effects of ocean acidification on shell condition and survival of Puget Sound pteropods. We tested whether the thecosome pteropod Limacina helicina from Puget Sound, an urbanized estuary in the northwest continental US, experiences shell dissolution and altered mortality rates when exposed to the high CO2, low aragonite saturation state (Ωa) conditions that occur in Puget Sound and the northeast Pacific Ocean. Five, week-long experiments were conducted in which we incubated pteropods collected from Puget Sound in four carbon chemistry conditions: current summer surface (~460-500 μatm CO2, Ωa ≈ 1.59), current deep water or surface conditions during upwelling (~760 and ~1600-1700 μatm CO2, Ωa ≈ 1.17 and 0.56), and future deep water or surface conditions during upwelling (~2800-3400 μatm CO2, Ωa ≈ 0.28). We measured shell condition using a scoring regime of five shell characteristics that capture different aspects of shell dissolution. We characterized carbon chemistry conditions in statistical analyses with Ωa, and conducted analyses considering Ωa both as a continuous dataset and as discrete treatments. Shell dissolution increased linearly as aragonite saturation state decreased. Discrete treatment comparisons indicate that shell dissolution was greater in undersaturated treatments compared to oversaturated treatments. Survival increased linearly with aragonite saturation state, though discrete treatment comparisons indicated that survival was similar in all but the lowest saturation state treatment. These results indicate that, under starvation conditions, pteropod survival may not be greatly affected by current and expected near-future aragonite saturation state in the NE Pacific, but shell dissolution may. Given that subsurface waters in Puget Sound’s main basin are undersaturated with respect to aragonite in the winter and can be undersaturated in the summer, the condition and persistence of the species in this estuary warrants further study.
purpose: To determine whether PCO2 levels influence mortality and shell condition of the pteropod Limacina limacina
credit: Funding Information: NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (Single species response experiments, OAPFY13.03.NWFSC.002)
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Anchor: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/archive-management-system/OAS/bin/prd/jquery/institution/details/1730 US DOC; NOAA; NESDIS; National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
role: (CI_RoleCode) publisher
presentationForm: (CI_PresentationFormCode) documentDigital
otherCitationDetails: [accessed 2024-02-08]
associationType: (DS_AssociationTypeCode) crossReference
initiativeType: (DS_InitiativeTypeCode) program
language:
LanguageCode: eng; USA
characterSet: (MD_CharacterSetCode) utf8
topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) environment
topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) oceans
extent: (EX_Extent)
geographicElement: (EX_GeographicBoundingBox)
westBoundLongitude: -122.4
eastBoundLongitude: -122.4
southBoundLatitude: 48.1
northBoundLatitude: 48.1
temporalElement: (EX_TemporalExtent)
extent:
TimePeriod:
beginPosition: 2012-05-10
endPosition: 2012-07-12
supplementalInformation: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: D. Shallin Busch; Paul McElhany. FUNDING AGENCY: NOAA's Ocean Acidification Program (OAP). PROJECT TITLE: Single species response experiments. PROJECT ID: OAPFY13.03.NWFSC.002
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distributionInfo: (MD_Distribution)
distributor: (MD_Distributor)
distributorContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName:
Anchor: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/archive-management-system/OAS/bin/prd/jquery/institution/details/1730 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
contactInfo: (CI_Contact)
phone: (CI_Telephone)
voice: +1-301-713-3277
address: (CI_Address)
electronicMailAddress: NCEI.Info@noaa.gov
role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact
distributionOrderProcess: (MD_StandardOrderProcess)
fees: In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media.
orderingInstructions: Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions.
distributorFormat: (MD_Format)
name: Originator data format
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transferSize:
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linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0125008.html
protocol: HTTPS
applicationProfile: Web browser
name: Project Metadata
description: Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://doi.org/10.7289/v5s75d83
protocol: HTTPS
applicationProfile: Web browser
name: NCEI Dataset Landing Page
description: Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/125008
protocol: HTTPS
applicationProfile: Web browser
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description: Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/125008
protocol: HTTPS
applicationProfile: Web browser
name: HTTPS
description: Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0072/0125008/
protocol: FTP
applicationProfile: Any FTP client
name: FTP
description: These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP).
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset
lineage: (LI_Lineage)
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: NCEI Accession 0125008 v1.1 was published.
dateTime:
DateTime: 2015-01-20T20:25:05Z
output: (LE_Source)
sourceCitation: (CI_Citation)
title: NCEI Accession 0125008 v1.1
date: (CI_Date)
date: (inapplicable)
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
individualName: (inapplicable)
contactInfo: (CI_Contact)
onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0125008/1.1
protocol: HTTPS
name: NCEI Accession 0125008 v1.1
description: published 2015-01-20T20:25:05Z
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
role: (inapplicable)
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset
lineage: (LI_Lineage)
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon; Abbreviation: DIC; Unit: umol/kg; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Acid-washed borosilicate glass bottles; CRM manufacturer: Dickson Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Preservation method: HgCl2; Preservative volume: 20 uL HgCl2 is added to 500 mL samples.; Preservative correction: No correction; Method reference: Dickson AG, Sabine CL, Christian JR, editors (2007) Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements: PICES Special Publication 3. 191 p.; Researcher name: Cynthia Peacock, Shallin Busch; Researcher institution: NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratory.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Total alkalinity; Abbreviation: TA; Unit: umol/kg; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Acid-washed borosilicate glass bottles; Analyzing instrument: Alkalinity titrator; Cell type (open or closed): Open; Curve fitting method: non-linear least-squares procedure; CRM manufacturer: Dickson Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Preservation method: HgCl2; Preservative volume: 20 uL HgCl2 is added to 500 mL samples.; Preservative correction: No correction; Method reference: Dickson AG, Sabine CL, Christian JR, editors (2007) Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements: PICES Special Publication 3. 191 p.; Researcher name: Cynthia Peacock, Shallin Busch; Researcher institution: NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratory.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: pH; Abbreviation: pH; pH scale: Total; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Cuvette; Analyzing instrument: Ocean Optics USB 2000+ Fiber Optic Spectrometer; Temperature of pH measurement: 25C; Replicate information: Measured from system at start and end of each experiment, and sometimes in the middle of an experiment. Measured in the jars where pteropods were reared at the end of each experiment.; At what temperature was pH reported: 12C; Method reference: Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L. and Christian, J.R. (Eds.) 2007. Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements. PICES Special Publication 3, 191 pp.; Researcher name: Shallin Busch; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: pCO2 (fCO2) autonomous; Abbreviation: pCO2; Unit: uatm; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: We used DIC and spectrophometric pH measurements to estimate pCO2 with CO2sys version 2.1, using the K1 and K2 constants from Lueker et al., KHSO4 constant from Dickson, [B]T from Uppstrom, and the total pH scale.; At what temperature was pCO2 reported: 12C; Researcher name: Shallin Busch; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Number of living pteropods at end of experiment; Abbreviation: Live; Unit: Number of living pteropods; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Human; Analyzing instrument: Eye; Duration: 7 day incubation; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: This variable indicates the number of pterpods living at the end of the experiment; Replicate information: Pterpods were sorted categorized as live or dead at the end of each experiment and counted; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Shallin Busch, Tricia Thibodeau; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Number of dead pteropods at end of experiment; Abbreviation: Dead; Unit: Number of dead pteropods; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Human; Analyzing instrument: Eye; Duration: 7 day incubation; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: This variable indicates the number of pterpods dead at the end of the experiment; Replicate information: Pterpods were sorted categorized as live or dead at the end of each experiment and counted; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Shallin Busch, Tricia Thibodeau; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Ratio of live to dead pteropods at end of experiment; Abbreviation: Ratio; Unit: Ratio of live to dead pteropods at end of experiment; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Duration: 7 day incubation; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: This variable indicates the ratio of live to dead pteropods at the end of the experiment; Replicate information: Pterpods were sorted categorized as live or dead at the end of each experiment and counted; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Shallin Busch; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Calculated aragonite saturation state; Abbreviation: Arag; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: We used DIC and spectrophometric pH measurements to estimate aragonite saturation state (Omega) with CO2sys version 2.1, using the K1 and K2 constants from Lueker et al., KHSO4 constant from Dickson, [B]T from Uppstrom, and the total pH scale.; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Shallin Busch; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Score for shell transparency/opaqueness; Abbreviation: Cat1; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Human; Analyzing instrument: Eye; Duration: 7 day incubation; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: We rated the shell condition of pteropods that lived through the seven-day experiment, using the methodology presented in Lischka et al. (2011) with one modification: we immersed samples in 6% sodium hypochlorite for 60 hr to sufficiently clean tissue from the shells. All shells selected for scoring were scored by a single observer, who was blind to treatment conditions, using a Nikon SMZ 745T stereoscope.; Method reference: Lischka S, Budenbender J, Boxhammer T, Riebesell U (2011) Impact of ocean acidification and elevated temperatures on early juveniles of the polar shelled pteropod Limacina helicina: mortality, shell degradation, and shell growth. Biogeosciences 8: 919-932.; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Tricia Thibodeau; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Score for shell transparency/brownness; Abbreviation: Cat2; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Human; Analyzing instrument: Eye; Duration: 7 day incubation; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: We rated the shell condition of pteropods that lived through the seven-day experiment, using the methodology presented in Lischka et al. (2011) with one modification: we immersed samples in 6% sodium hypochlorite for 60 hr to sufficiently clean tissue from the shells. All shells selected for scoring were scored by a single observer, who was blind to treatment conditions, using a Nikon SMZ 745T stereoscope.; Method reference: Lischka S, Budenbender J, Boxhammer T, Riebesell U (2011) Impact of ocean acidification and elevated temperatures on early juveniles of the polar shelled pteropod Limacina helicina: mortality, shell degradation, and shell growth. Biogeosciences 8: 919-932.; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Tricia Thibodeau; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Score for shell scarred structures; Abbreviation: Cat3; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Human; Analyzing instrument: Eye; Duration: 7 day incubation; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: We rated the shell condition of pteropods that lived through the seven-day experiment, using the methodology presented in Lischka et al. (2011) with one modification: we immersed samples in 6% sodium hypochlorite for 60 hr to sufficiently clean tissue from the shells. All shells selected for scoring were scored by a single observer, who was blind to treatment conditions, using a Nikon SMZ 745T stereoscope.; Method reference: Lischka S, Budenbender J, Boxhammer T, Riebesell U (2011) Impact of ocean acidification and elevated temperatures on early juveniles of the polar shelled pteropod Limacina helicina: mortality, shell degradation, and shell growth. Biogeosciences 8: 919-932.; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Tricia Thibodeau; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Score for shell corrosion; Abbreviation: Cat4; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Human; Analyzing instrument: Eye; Duration: 7 day incubation; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: We rated the shell condition of pteropods that lived through the seven-day experiment, using the methodology presented in Lischka et al. (2011) with one modification: we immersed samples in 6% sodium hypochlorite for 60 hr to sufficiently clean tissue from the shells. All shells selected for scoring were scored by a single observer, who was blind to treatment conditions, using a Nikon SMZ 745T stereoscope.; Method reference: Lischka S, Budenbender J, Boxhammer T, Riebesell U (2011) Impact of ocean acidification and elevated temperatures on early juveniles of the polar shelled pteropod Limacina helicina: mortality, shell degradation, and shell growth. Biogeosciences 8: 919-932.; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Tricia Thibodeau; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Score for shell number of perforations; Abbreviation: Cat5; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Measured; Sampling instrument: Human; Analyzing instrument: Eye; Duration: 7 day incubation; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: We rated the shell condition of pteropods that lived through the seven-day experiment, using the methodology presented in Lischka et al. (2011) with one modification: we immersed samples in 6% sodium hypochlorite for 60 hr to sufficiently clean tissue from the shells. All shells selected for scoring were scored by a single observer, who was blind to treatment conditions, using a Nikon SMZ 745T stereoscope.; Method reference: Lischka S, Budenbender J, Boxhammer T, Riebesell U (2011) Impact of ocean acidification and elevated temperatures on early juveniles of the polar shelled pteropod Limacina helicina: mortality, shell degradation, and shell growth. Biogeosciences 8: 919-932.; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Tricia Thibodeau; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Sum of scores for shell state (Cat1-Cat5); Abbreviation: Sum; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Response variable; Measured or calculated: Calculated; Duration: 7 day incubation; Detailed sampling and analyzing information: We rated the shell condition of pteropods that lived through the seven-day experiment, using the methodology presented in Lischka et al. (2011) with one modification: we immersed samples in 6% sodium hypochlorite for 60 hr to sufficiently clean tissue from the shells. All shells selected for scoring were scored by a single observer, who was blind to treatment conditions, using a Nikon SMZ 745T stereoscope. This measure represents the sum of the 5 characteristics that shells were scored for.; Method reference: Lischka S, Budenbender J, Boxhammer T, Riebesell U (2011) Impact of ocean acidification and elevated temperatures on early juveniles of the polar shelled pteropod Limacina helicina: mortality, shell degradation, and shell growth. Biogeosciences 8: 919-932.; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Tricia Thibodeau; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: Salinity; Abbreviation: Salinity; Unit: psu; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: Measured; Analyzing instrument: Honeywell conductivity probe; Duration: 7 day incubation; Replicate information: Measured continuously throughout each experiment; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Michael Maher; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: pH measured by Durafet in experimental system; Abbreviation: Durafet; Unit: total pH; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: Measured; Analyzing instrument: Honeywell Durafet pH probe; Duration: 7 day incubation; Replicate information: Measured continuously throughout each experiment; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Michael Maher; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: pH measured by spectrophotometer; Abbreviation: Spec; Unit: total pH; Observation type: Laboratory experiment; In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: Manipulation condition; Measured or calculated: Measured; Analyzing instrument: Ocean Optics USB 2000+ Fiber Optic Spectrometer; Duration: 7 day incubation; Replicate information: Measured from system at start and end of each experiment, and sometimes in the middle of an experiment. Measured in the jars where pteropods were reared at the end of each experiment.; Biological subject: Pteropod; Species ID: Limacina helicina; Researcher name: Michael Maher; Researcher institution: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration .
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) repository
levelDescription: (MD_ScopeDescription)
other: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
lineage: (LI_Lineage)
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description: NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.
dateTime:
DateTime: 2015-04-22T00:00:00
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metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) asNeeded
maintenanceNote: Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness.
contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian
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acquisitionInformation: (MI_AcquisitionInformation)
instrument: (MI_Instrument)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: spectrophotometer
type: spectrophotometer
description: spectrophotometer, optical spectrometer, spectrograph or spectroscope An optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer, spectrograph or spectroscope) is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. Butler, L. R. P.; Laqua, K. (1995). "Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis-IX. Instrumentation for the spectral dispersion and isolation of optical radiation (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)". Pure Appl. Chem. IUPAC. 67 (10): 1725–1744. doi:10.1351/pac199567101725. A spectrometer is the general term for describing a combination of spectral apparatus with one or more detectors to measure the intensity of one or more spectral bands."
