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2024-02-21T13:40:57Z
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data from 2010 to 2016 (NCEI Accession 0169632)
2018-03-10
publication
2020-12-18
revision
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
gov.noaa.nodc:0169632
NCEI Archive Management System
0169632
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
ncei.info@noaa.gov
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
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NCEI Contact Information
Information for contacts at NCEI.
information
publisher
Troy Kanemura
US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Ecosystem Sciences Division; Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP)
troy.kanemura@noaa.gov
http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred
HTTP
Coral Reef Ecosystems Program website
Institution web page
information
resourceProvider
US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Ecosystem Sciences Division; Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP)
http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred
HTTP
Coral Reef Ecosystems Program website
Institution web page
information
resourceProvider
Bernardo Vargas-Ángel
US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Ecosystem Sciences Division; Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP)
bernardo.vargasangel@noaa.gov
http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred
HTTP
Coral Reef Ecosystems Program website
Institution web page
information
principalInvestigator
Schumacher, Brett
author
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Ecosystem Sciences Division
http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred
HTTP
Coral Reef Ecosystems Program website
Institution web page
information
author
Brett Schumacher
US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Ecosystem Sciences Division; Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP)
brett.schumacher@noaa.gov
pointOfContact
US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Ecosystem Sciences Division; Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP)
http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred
HTTP
Coral Reef Ecosystems Program website
Institution web page
information
contributor
tableDigital
Declines in the health of coral reef ecosystems lead scientists to search for factors that support reef resilience: the ability of reefs to resist environmental stress and recover when they have been impacted, and to maintain key ecosystem functions throughout. Scientists have identified eleven measurable factors that affect the resilience of coral reefs. Reef resilience factors include characteristics of the coral assemblage, populations of fish that live on the reef, land-based influences, and sea surface temperature variability. NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) used these factors to quantitatively assess the resilience potential of reefs around Tutuila and Aunu‘u Islands in American Samoa.
Locations of monitoring surveys conducted by ESD from 2010 to 2016 were used to designate study zones. The monitoring surveys provided data to evaluate biological/ecological resilience factors, and external data sources were used to inform physical and environmental factors not directly measured by ESD. Data for each metric was compiled, normalized, and averaged to produce a composite resilience score for each of zone. The primary resilience analysis includes all 11 metrics for 10 study zones around Tutuila and Aunu'u, excluding Taema Bank. The secondary resilience analysis includes the 8 metrics available for 11 study zones around Tutuila and Aunu'u, including Taema Bank.
The information provided with this analysis includes the individual datasets for the 11 metrics used in the analysis (data tables), the survey sites and study zones (data tables), and the resilience scores resulting from the analysis (data tables and maps).
Structural, ecological, and physical processes including, diversity, recruitment, herbivory, disease, and thermal tolerance have been identified as key elements contributing to reef resilience. This analysis, funded by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, integrates interdisciplinary data sets collected by NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division and its partners to operationalize reef resilience in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. It is important to identify and understand these factors, so that management strategies can be tailored to maintaining or restoring coral communities to maximize their chances of survival in a changing climate. This analysis contributes to the local jurisdiction's capacity to meaningfully assess reef ecosystem condition in relation to a range of threats. A key aspect of the reef resilience framework is that it can empower local action to improve resilience of coral reefs because some drivers of resilience are heavily influenced by large-scale climatic forces, while others can be directly affected by local management.
Related Funding Agency: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program
completed
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NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
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Preview graphic
PNG
0169632
NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER
2018-01-05
publication
CORAL
CORAL - CENSUS
CORAL - SPECIES IDENTIFICATION
FISH - CORAL REEF
FISH BIOMASS
FISH SPECIES
MACROALGAE
REEF AND/OR BOTTOM REGIME - PERCENT COVER
theme
NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS
AVHRR
rain gauge
visual observation
instrument
NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS
biological
physical
survey - coral reef
survey - swimmer/diver
visual observation
theme
NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS
US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Ecosystem Sciences Division; Coral Reef Ecosystem Program
dataCentre
NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS
US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Ecosystem Sciences Division; Coral Reef Ecosystem Program
dataCentre
NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS
Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP)
CORAL REEF STUDIES
project
NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS
South Pacific Ocean
place
NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS
oceanography
theme
WMO_CategoryCode
2012-09-15
publication
DOC/NOAA/NMFS > National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
dataCentre
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords
2023
revision
17
Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Greenbelt
MD
https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
HTTPS
GCMD Keyword Forum Page
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2023. GCMD Keywords, Version 17. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords
information
custodian
CRED
CREP
Coral Reef Ecosystem Division
Coral Reef Ecosystem Program
ESD
Ecosystem Sciences Division
PIFSC
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center
dataCentre
Provider Keywords
31065
810
Identifying coral reef resilience potential in American Samoa based on CRED coral reef monitoring data
Reefs for the future: Identifying coral reef resilience in the US Pacific islands based on CRED coral reef monitoring data
project
CRCP Project
Geographic Information > Ecological Characterization
theme
CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus
EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Phenomena > Global Change
EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Phenomena > Global Warming
EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Precipitation > Precipitation Amount
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Benthic Habitat
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat > Recovery
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Ecological Dynamics > Herbivory
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Microbiota > Bacteria
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Microbiota > Blue-green Algae
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Algae Cover
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Algal Cover
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Fleshy Macroalgae
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Black Band Disease
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching > Degree Heating Week (DHW)
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching > Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral biodiversity
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Photic Zone Corals
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Damage Assessment > Human physical
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Quadrat Monitoring
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Quadrat Monitoring > Photograph Analysis
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Transect Monitoring > Belt Transect
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Transect Monitoring > Linear Transect (line)
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Transect monitoring
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > In Situ Biological
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Photographic Analysis
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Rapid Assessment Studies
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Reef Fish Census
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Reef Fish Census > Stationary
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Remote Sensing
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Remote Sensing > Satellite (digital scans)
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Quadrat Monitoring > Photograph Analysis
EARTH SCIENCE > Hydrosphere > Surface Water > Runoff
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Marine Protected Areas
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Assemblages
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Census
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fishing
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature > Anomaly
theme
CoRIS Theme Thesaurus
EARTH SCIENCE > BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION > ANIMALS/VERTEBRATES > FISH
EARTH SCIENCE > BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION > PLANTS > MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS)
EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES > COASTAL LANDFORMS > CORAL REEFS
theme
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords
2023
revision
17
Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Greenbelt
MD
https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
HTTPS
GCMD Keyword Forum Page
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2023. GCMD Keywords, Version 17. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords
information
custodian
Resilience
theme
Provider Keywords
AVHRR > Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
RAIN GAUGES > RAIN GAUGES
VISUAL OBSERVATIONS > VISUAL OBSERVATIONS
instrument
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords
2023
revision
17
Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Greenbelt
MD
https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
HTTPS
GCMD Keyword Forum Page
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2023. GCMD Keywords, Version 17. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords
information
custodian
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Aunu'u Island (14S170W0035)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Tutuila Island (14S170W0016)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Faga'alu (14S170W0005)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Fagamalo (14S170W0047)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Fagatele Bay (14S170W0002)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Pago Pago (14S170W0008)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Vatia Bay (14S170W0028)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > Tutuila Island (14S170W0016)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Pago Pago Harbor > Faga'alu (14S170W0005)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila > Aunu'u Island (14S170W0035)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Fagamalo (14S170W0047)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Fagatele Bay (14S170W0002)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Pago Pago (14S170W0008)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Vatia Bay (14S170W0028)
place
CoRIS Place Thesaurus
OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN
place
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords
2023
revision
17
Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Greenbelt
MD
https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
HTTPS
GCMD Keyword Forum Page
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2023. GCMD Keywords, Version 17. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords
information
custodian
accessLevel: Public
otherRestrictions
Cite as: Schumacher, Brett; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Ecosystem Sciences Division (2018). Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data from 2010 to 2016 (NCEI Accession 0169632). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0169632. Accessed [date].
Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives.
otherRestrictions
Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose.
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2018: Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data from 2010 to 2016, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/50521.
2018
publication
gov.noaa.nmfs.inport:50521
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/50521
HTTPS
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/50521
InPort Metadata Record
information
US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (NMFS/PIFSC)
publisher
tableDigital
crossReference
Prioritizing Key Resilience Indicators to Support Coral Reef Management in a Changing Climate
2012
publication
International DOI Foundation (IDF)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042884
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042884
HTTPS
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042884
McClanahan TR, Donner SD, Maynard JA, MacNeil MA, Graham NAJ, Maina J, et al. (2012) Prioritizing Key Resilience Indicators to Support Coral Reef Management in a Changing Climate. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42884. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042884
information
Tim R. McClanahan
author
Simon D. Donner
author
Jeffrey A. Maynard
author
M. Aaron MacNeil
author
Nicholas A. J. Graham
author
Joseph Maina
author
Andrew C. Baker
author
Jahson B. Alemu
author
Maria Beger
author
Stuart J. Campbell
author
Emily S. Darling
author
C. Mark Eakin
author
Scott F. Heron
author
Stacy D. Jupiter
author
Carolyn J. Lundquist
author
Elizabeth McLeod
author
Peter J. Mumby
author
Michelle J. Paddack
author
Elizabeth R. Selig
author
Robert van Woesik
author
crossReference
Schumacher, Brett; Vargas-Ángel, Bernardo; Heron, Scott Fraser. Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data. PIFSC special publication; SP-18-003. 2018. https://doi.org/10.7289/v5/sp-pifsc-18-003
2018
publication
noaa:17371
International DOI Foundation (IDF)
https://doi.org/10.7289/v5/sp-pifsc-18-003
https://doi.org/10.7289/v5/sp-pifsc-18-003
HTTPS
https://doi.org/10.7289/v5/sp-pifsc-18-003
NOAA Central Library: Related document
information
Schumacher, Brett
author
Vargas-Ángel, Bernardo
author
Heron, Scott Fraser
author
United States. National Marine Fisheries Service,
author
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (U.S.)
author
United States, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
author
Coral Reef Conservation Program (U.S.)
author
US DOC; NOAA; OAR; OSS; NOAA Central Library
library.reference@noaa.gov
https://library.noaa.gov/
HTTPS
NOAA Central Library website
Institution web page
information
publisher
PIFSC special publication ; SP-18-003
crossReference
collection
eng; USA
utf8
environment
oceans
biota
-170.92
-170.431
-14.45
-14.15
2010-02-17
2016-04-30
Submission Package ID: G4T05E
In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number.
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
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Originator data format
17.952
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0169632
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Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links.
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dataset
NCEI Accession 0169632 v1.1 was published.
2018-03-10T21:47:20Z
NCEI Accession 0169632 v1.1
publication
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0169632/1.1
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NCEI Accession 0169632 v1.1
published 2018-03-10T21:47:20Z
download
NCEI Accession 0169632 was revised and v2.2 was published.
Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession.
2019-11-05T19:09:24Z
NCEI Accession 0169632 v2.2
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https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0169632/2.2
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NCEI Accession 0169632 v2.2
published 2019-11-05T19:09:24Z
download
NCEI Accession 0169632 was revised and v3.3 was published.
Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession.
2020-12-18T04:09:37Z
NCEI Accession 0169632 v3.3
publication
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0169632/3.3
HTTPS
NCEI Accession 0169632 v3.3
published 2020-12-18T04:09:37Z
download
dataset
Parameter or Variable: Resilience score (calculated);
Units: Numeric rank;
Observation Category: other;
Sampling Instrument: Software;
Sampling and Analyzing Method: The principal analytical task of this project was to calculate eleven metrics of "reef resilience" as identified by McClanahan et al. (2012). These metrics account for various aspects of the coral reef ecosystem, and are derived from several data streams compiled and analyzed by ESD researchers using MS Excel and Access, Minitab, PRIMER version 6 with the Permanova+ add-on, and ArcMap. Data for each factor was compiled, normalized, and averaged to produce a composite resilience score for each study area identified..
asNeeded
Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness.
NCEI Accession 0169632 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made.
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
custodian
AVHRR
AVHRR
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
A meteorological satellite [instrument] with two bands that is used for large area Earth observation at 1 km spatial resolution. Source: Glossary of GIS and Remote Sensing Terms, University of Vermont. (http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/tws-gis/glossary.htm; last accessed on 09/22/2004).
Specifically, this instrument type is to be used to represent AVHRR/1: "There are two series of AVHRR instruments. Built by ITT Aerospace/Optical Division in the mid 1970s, the AVHRR/1 is a four-channel, filter-wheel spectrometer/radiometer (Appendix) while the AVHRR/2, built in the early 1980s, is identical except for the addition of Channel 5."
See https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ecosys/cdroms/AVHRR97_d1/avhrr3.htm
rain gauge
rain gauge
A device to measure the amount of liquid precipitation
The definition of liquid precipitation is any form of water falling from the sky as rain. Rain gauge measures the amount of liquid precipitation.
visual observation
visual observation
not an instrument - maybe an observation type