NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Elk Lake, Minnesota: Evidence for Rapid Climate Change in the north central United States
(MI_Metadata)
fileIdentifier: noaa-lake-5491
language: eng; USA
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electronicMailAddress: ncei.info@noaa.gov
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description: Information for contacts at NCEI.
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organisationName: NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology
positionName: Data Center Contact
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voice: 828-271-4800
facsimile: 303-497-6513
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deliveryPoint: 325 Broadway, E/NE31
city: Boulder
administrativeArea: CO
postalCode: 80305-3328
country: USA
electronicMailAddress: paleo@noaa.gov
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dateStamp: 2023-12-29
metadataStandardName: ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
metadataStandardVersion: ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
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identificationInfo: (MD_DataIdentification)
citation: (CI_Citation)
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Elk Lake, Minnesota: Evidence for Rapid Climate Change in the north central United States
date: (CI_Date)
date: 1993-07-01
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
edition: (missing)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code:
Anchor: DOI doi:10.25921/ecgp-bx03
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: noaa-lake-5491
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: NCEI DSI 1200_02
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: NCEI DSI 1200_01
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
individualName: Anderson, R.Y.
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individualName: Anderson, R.Y.
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individualName: Dean, W.E.
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individualName: Dean, W.E.
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organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
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abstract: This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Lake. The data include parameters of paleolimnology with a geographic location of Minnesota, United States Of America. The time period coverage is from 10382 to 23 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data.
purpose: Records of past climate and environment derived from lake sediment records. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this dataset. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the dataset citations.
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organisationName: NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology
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electronicMailAddress: paleo@noaa.gov
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fileName: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/webimages/pc-default-lake.png
fileDescription: Paleoclimatology - Lake
fileType: PNG
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keyword: Earth Science > Climate Indicators > Paleoclimate Indicators > Ocean/Lake Records
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date: (CI_Date)
date: 2020-01-09
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
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description: The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
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keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
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keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
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keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
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keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
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keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > pollen
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
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keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology > physical properties
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology > population abundance
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology > mineralogy
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology > geochemistry
keyword: earth science > paleoclimate > paleolimnology > oxygen isotopes
type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme
thesaurusName: GCMD Science Keywords (CI_Citation)
title: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords
date: (CI_Date)
date: 2020-01-09
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
edition: 9.1
citedResponsibleParty: GCMD Landing Page (CI_ResponsibleParty)
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linkage: https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords
name: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
description: The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian
descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords)
keyword: What: density; Material: dry sediment
keyword: What: varve thickness; Material: null
keyword: What: age; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: feldspar group; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: sulfur; Material: sediment
keyword: What: magnesium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: sodium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: manganese; Material: sediment
keyword: What: chromium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: lanthanum; Material: sediment
keyword: What: molybdenum; Material: sediment
keyword: What: delta 13C; Material: organic matter
keyword: What: rhodochrosite; Material: sediment
keyword: What: carotenoid; Material: sediment
keyword: What: manganese oxide; Material: sediment
keyword: What: number of samples; Material: null
keyword: What: water content; Material: sediment
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: carbon; Material: sediment
keyword: What: titanium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: yttrium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: organic matter; Material: sediment
keyword: What: silicon dioxide; Material: sediment
keyword: What: depth at sample end; Material: null
keyword: What: varve thickness; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: cobalt; Material: sediment
keyword: What: nickel; Material: sediment
keyword: What: hydrogen index; Material: sediment
keyword: What: dolomite; Material: sediment
keyword: What: chlorophyll; Material: sediment
keyword: What: carotenoid; Material: sediment
keyword: What: iron(III) oxide; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: organic carbon; Material: sediment
keyword: What: boron; Material: sediment
keyword: What: barium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: lead; Material: sediment
keyword: What: delta 13C; Material: calcium carbonate
keyword: What: quartz; Material: sediment
keyword: What: potassium oxide; Material: sediment
keyword: What: depth at sample start; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: niobium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: feldspar group; Material: sediment
keyword: What: potassium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: aluminum; Material: sediment
keyword: What: iron; Material: sediment
keyword: What: copper; Material: sediment
keyword: What: vanadium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: organic carbon; Material: sediment
keyword: What: delta 18O; Material: calcium carbonate
keyword: What: oxygen index; Material: sediment
keyword: What: carotenoid; Material: sediment
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: age; Material: null
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: calcium carbonate; Material: sediment
keyword: What: zinc; Material: sediment
keyword: What: zirconium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: aragonite; Material: sediment
keyword: What: carbonate; Material: sediment
keyword: What: chlorophyll; Material: sediment
keyword: What: phosphorus pentoxide; Material: sediment
keyword: What: titanium dioxide; Material: sediment
keyword: What: silicon; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: age; Material: null
keyword: What: pollen; Material: null
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: identified diatom; Material: sediment
keyword: What: scandium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: strontium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: calcite; Material: sediment
keyword: What: aluminum oxide; Material: sediment
keyword: What: calcium oxide; Material: sediment
keyword: What: calcium; Material: sediment
keyword: What: phosphorus; Material: sediment
type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme
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title: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus
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keyword: Continent > North America > United States Of America > Minnesota > Elk Lake > LATITUDE 45.86694 > LONGITUDE -95.80361
type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) place
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descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords)
keyword: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
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thesaurusName: GCMD Data Center Keywords (CI_Citation)
title: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords
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name: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
description: The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
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otherConstraints: Cite as: Anderson, R.Y.; Dean, W.E. (1993-07-01): NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Elk Lake, Minnesota: Evidence for Rapid Climate Change in the north central United States. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/ecgp-bx03. Accessed [date].
resourceConstraints: Distribution Liability (MD_LegalConstraints)
accessConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions
otherConstraints: Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives.
resourceConstraints: Use Liability (MD_LegalConstraints)
useConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions
otherConstraints: Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose.
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otherConstraints: None
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useConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions
otherConstraints: Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.
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title: Elk Lake, Minnesota: Evidence for Rapid Climate Change in the north central United States
date: (CI_Date)
date: 1993
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
individualName: Bradbury, J.P. and Dean, W.E.
role: (CI_RoleCode) author
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: Geological Society of America Special Paper
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citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: (missing)
contactInfo: (CI_Contact)
onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276
protocol: HTTPS
applicationProfile: Web Browser
name: Associated Reference published 1993
description: Bradbury, J.P. and Dean, W.E., 1993: Elk Lake, Minnesota: Evidence for Rapid Climate Change in the north central United States. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 276, 145 pp., 10.1130/SPE276
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initiativeType: (DS_InitiativeTypeCode) sciencePaper
language: eng; USA
topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) geoscientificInformation
extent: (EX_Extent)
description: Date Range: 10382 cal yr BP to 23 cal yr BP;
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westBoundLongitude: -95.80361
eastBoundLongitude: -95.80361
southBoundLatitude: 45.86694
northBoundLatitude: 45.86694
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description: Study Coordinates
pos: 45.86694 -95.80361
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extent:
TimePeriod:
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supplementalInformation: STUDY NOTES: Geochemical and paleontological data sets for sediments collected from Elk Lake, Minnesota. Sediments were sampled at two different temporal resolutions: 1. The entire varved section (10,200 years) was sampled at coarser resolution, generally 50-year composite samples; and 2. The last 1550 years of the varved record was sampled at contiguous 1-cm intervals, with an average temporal resolution of 5 years (see WDS-Paleo study 5473; https://doi.org/10.25921/ya60-jx62). These data were obtained from a piston core and a frozen box core collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1978, and supplemented by additional piston cores collected by the Limnological Research Center, University of Minnesota in 1982, 1983, and 1984. The composite geochemical and paleontological data sets for the last 10,000 years were obtained by splicing information from sections of the 1978, 1982, and frozen box core. The more detailed composite geochemical and paleontological data sets for the last 1550 years were obtained from samples originally taken from the 1983 and 1984 cores for sediment magnetic studies (Sprowl, 1985). Information about the location of Elk Lake, methods of coring, core splicing, construction of the varve chronology, and methods of analyses can be found in the following publications: Bradbury, J.P. and Dean, W.E., 1993, Geological Society of America Special Paper 276, doi: 10.1130/SPE276; Dean, W.E. et al., 1994, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-578, doi: 10.3133/ofr94578; Sprowl, D.R., 1985, Ph.D. thesis: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 145 p. The Elk Lake Geochemical and Paleontological Data Set for the last 10,000 years consists of data files which contain information about diatoms, pollen, plant pigments, inorganic geochemistry, carbon and oxygen isotopes, and physical properties. The basic sampling scheme for inorganic geochemistry, mineralogy, plant pigments, and diatoms was contiguous 50-year composite samples, although in some instances this sampling scheme was modified, and for most analyses only every other sample collected was analyzed, resulting in a sample density of one 50-year composite sample every 100 years.. Twenty three samples were selected from the inorganic geochemistry sample set for analyses of carbon and oxygen isotopes and Rock-Eval pyrolysis hydrogen and oxygen indices. The basic sampling scheme for pollen and physical properties was a 0.5-cm3 sample centered on every 50th varve, but again not every sample was analyzed, and additional 0.5-cm3 samples were collected for pollen analyses in certain pollen-zone transitions. Regardless of the sampling scheme, each sample is indexed to the central varve in the series (e.g.. sample interval = varve 919 to varve 968 (50 years), sample index = varve 943). Because the Elk Lake paleontological and geochemical data are "centered" by varve number, they can be plotted directly as time-series although the time intervals are not constant. The first column in each of the data files contains the header" VARVE-YR", which indicates the varve number for the center of each sample. The columns with headers "TOP" and "BTM" in each of the data files indicate the distance (in mm) from the sediment-water interface to the top and the bottom of the sample interval. Data files obtained from temporally-sampled material include a column with the header "YR.INTVL", indicating the number of varve years contained in each sample interval. ABSTRACT SUPPLIED BY ORIGINATOR: Records of past climate and environment derived from lake sediment records. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this data set. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the data set citations.
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